Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART):

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is used to treat infertility. It includes fertility treatments that handle both a woman's egg and a man's sperm. It works by removing eggs from a woman's body. The eggs are then mixed with sperm to make embryos. The embryos are then put back in the woman's body. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common and effective type of ART.ART procedures sometimes use donor eggs, donor sperm, or previously frozen embryos. It may also involve a surrogate or gestational carrier. A surrogate is a woman who becomes pregnant with sperm from the male partner of the couple. A gestational carrier becomes pregnant with an egg from the female partner and the sperm from the male partner. The most common complication of ART is a multiple pregnancy. It can be prevented or minimized by limiting the number of embryos that are put into the woman's body.

Subtracks:

1. Different Techniques
2. Treatment

• Ovulation induction (OI)
• Artificial insemination (AI)
• Donor conception
• In-vitro fertilisation (IVF)
• Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
• Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
• Surrogacy

Endoscopy:

An endoscopy is a procedure in which your doctor uses specialized instruments to view and operate on the internal organs and vessels of your body. It allows surgeons to view problems within your body without making large incisions. A surgeon inserts an endoscope through a small cut, or an opening in the body such as the mouth. An endoscope is a flexible tube with an attached camera that allows your doctor to see. Your doctor can use forceps and scissors on the endoscope to operate or remove tissue for biopsy.

Subtracks:

• Type
• Uses
• Safety
• Risks

Perinatologist

An obstetrical subspecialist concerned with the care of the mother and fetus at higher-than-normal risk for complications. Since the perinatal period, depending on the definition, starts at the 20th to 28th week of gestation and ends 1 to 4 weeks after birth, a perinatologist logically could be an obstetrician or pediatrician but, in practice, a perinatologist is an obstetrician. The comparable area of pediatrics is neonatology. A high-risk baby might be cared for by a perinatologist before birth and by a neonatologist after birth. The word perinatologist is a linguistic sandwich of the Greek peri meaning around or about, natal from the Latin natus meaning born and ologist from the Greek logos meaning student of.

Subtracks:

• Prenatal Screening Program
• CVS
• Amniocentesis
• Fetal Ultrasound
• Genetic Counseling
• Perinatologist
• Antenatal Testing

Ultrasonography (USG)

Medical ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging technique based on the application of ultrasound. It is used to see internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, blood vessels, and internal organs. Its aim is often to find a source of a disease or to exclude any pathology. The practice of examining pregnant women using ultrasound is called obstetric ultrasound, and is widely used. Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies which are higher than those audible to humans (>20,000 Hz). Ultrasonic images also known as sonograms are made by sending pulses of ultrasound into tissue using a probe. The sound echoes off the tissue; with different tissues reflecting varying degrees of sound. These echoes are recorded and displayed as an image to the operator.

Many different types of images can be formed using sonographic instruments. The most well-known type is a B-mode image, which displays the acoustic impedance of a two-dimensional cross-section of tissue. Other types of image can display blood flow, motion of tissue over time, the location of blood, the presence of specific molecules, the stiffness of tissue, or the anatomy of a three-dimensional region. Compared to other prominent methods of medical imaging, ultrasound has several advantages. It provides images in real-time, it is portable and can be brought to the bedside, it is substantially lower in cost, and it does not use harmful ionizing radiation. Drawbacks of ultrasonography include various limits on its field of view including patient cooperation and physique, difficulty imaging structures behind bone and air, and its dependence on a skilled operator.

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)

Platelet-rich plasma, or PRP, is a substance that’s thought to promote healing when injected. Plasma is a component of your blood that contains special factors, or proteins, that help your blood to clot. It also contains proteins that support cell growth. Researchers have produced PRP by isolating plasma from blood and concentrating it. The idea is that injecting PRP into damaged tissues will stimulate your body to grow new, healthy cells and promote healing. Because the tissue growth factors are more concentrated in the prepared growth injections, researchers think the body’s tissues may heal faster. The treatment hasn’t been definitively proven. It also hasn’t been approved as a treatment by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. However, famous athletes like Tiger Woods and tennis star Rafael Nadal have been known to use these injections to help heal injuries.

Subtracks:

• Cost
• Side Effect
• Recovery

Stem Cell

Self-resumption and multiplication of undifferentiated organism populaces is controlled by acceptance of apoptosis. Apoptosis is controlled by a portion of a similar flag transduction pathway. Cell cycle control and apoptosis direction intently connection to cell prolife proportion, separation, senescence and cell passing. Apoptosis is directed by a portion of the flag transduction pathways by acceptance of apoptosis, self-restoration and expansion of immature microorganism populace. Apoptosis is likewise an imperative concentration for undeveloped cell transplantation, cell flagging, substitution treatment and tissue maturing and so forth immature microorganisms will require full clarification of the flag transduction falls for multiplication, separation, and apoptosis.

Embryology

Embryology is the branch of science that reviews the pre-birth improvement of gametes treatment, and advancement of incipient organisms and hatchlings. A human starts life as a treated ovum. This single cell offers ascend to the great many cells that shape the human body. In the initial couple of days following treatment, the creating incipient organism comprises of a chunk of cells. This inserts on the mass of the uterus and starts to become further, bolstered by supplements and blood from the mother.

Subtracks:

• Gametes and infertility
• Implantation, placentation and early development
• Perspectives in embryology

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH)

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is often defined as the loss of more than 500 ml or 1,000 ml of blood within the first 24 hours following childbirth. Some have added the requirement that there also be signs or symptoms of low blood volume for the condition to exist. Signs and symptoms may initially include: an increased heart rate, feeling faint upon standing, and an increased breath rate. As more blood is lost the women may feel cold, their blood pressure may drop, and they may become restless or unconscious. The condition can occur up to six weeks following delivery. The most common cause is poor contraction of the uterus following childbirth. Not the entire placenta being delivered, a tear of the uterus, or poor blood clotting are other possible causes. It occurs more commonly in those who: already have a low amount of red blood, are Asian, with bigger or more than one baby, are obese or are older than 40 years of age. It also occurs more commonly following caesarean sections, those in whom medications are used to start labor, and those who have an episiotomy.

Subtracks:

• Signs and symptoms
• Causes
• Prevention

Andrology

Andrology is the medical specialty that deals with male health, particularly relating to the problems of the male reproductive system and urological problems that are unique to men. It is also known as the science of men. It is the counterpart to gynaecology, which deals with medical issues which are specific to the female reproductive system. However, unlike gynaecology, which has a plethora of medical board certification programs worldwide, andrology has none. Andrology has only been studied as a distinct specialty since the late 1960s: the first specialist journal on the subject was the German periodical Andrologie (now called Andrologia) published from 1969 onwards.

Subtracks:

• Men's health
• Reproductive health
• Urology

Hysteroscopy

Hysteroscopy is used to diagnose or treat problems of the uterus. A hysteroscope is a thin, lighted telescope-like device. It is inserted through your vagina into your uterus. The hysteroscope transmits the image of your uterus onto a screen. Other instruments are used along with the hysteroscope for treatment. One of the most common uses for hysteroscopy is to find the cause of abnormal uterine bleeding. Abnormal bleeding can mean that a woman’s menstrual periods are heavier or longer than usual or occur less often or more often than normal.

Subtracks:

• Diagnostic hysteroscopy
• Operative hysteroscopy
• Treatment

Cosmetics

Cosmetics are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance or fragrance of the body. Many cosmetics are designed for use of applying to the face and hair. They are generally mixtures of chemical compounds; some being derived from natural sources, and some being synthetics. Common cosmetics include lipstick, mascara, eye shadow, foundation, rouge, skin cleansers and skin lotions, shampoo, hairstyling products, perfume and cologne. Cosmetics applied to the face to enhance its appearance are often called make-up or makeup. In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates cosmetics, defines cosmetics as -intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions. This broad definition includes any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes soap from this category.

Urogynecology

Urogynecology is a surgical sub-specialty of urology and gynecology. Urology also known as genitourinary surgery is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the male and female urinary-tract system and the male reproductive organs. Organs under the domain of urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs like testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis. Gynecology is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive systems means vagina, uterus, and ovaries and the breasts. Its counterpart is andrology, which deals with medical issues specific to the male reproductive system.

Subtracks:

• Etymology
• Endourology
• Laparoscopy
• Urologic oncology
• Neurourology
• Pediatric urology
• Andrology
• Reconstructive urology
• Female urology

Oncology

Oncology is the branch of medical science dealing with tumors, including the origin, development, diagnosis, and treatment of malignant neoplasms. It’s also deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist.

Subtracks:

• Medical oncology
• Surgical oncology
• Radiation oncology
• Pathology
• Radiology
• Organ specific oncology

Da Vinci Surgical System

The da Vinci Surgical System is a robotic surgical system made by the American company Intuitive Surgical. Approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2000, it is designed to facilitate complex surgery using a minimally invasive approach, and is controlled by a surgeon from a console. The system is commonly used for prostatectomies, and increasingly for cardiac valve repair and gynecologic surgical procedures. According to the manufacturer, the da Vinci System is called da Vinci in part because Leonardo da Vinci's study of human anatomy eventually led to the design of the first known robot in history.

Da Vinci Surgical Systems operate in hospitals worldwide, with an estimated 200,000 surgeries conducted in 2012, most commonly for hysterectomies and prostate removals. As of September 30, 2016, there was an installed base of 3,803 units worldwide – 2,501 in the United States, 644 in Europe, 476 in Asia, and 182 in the rest of the world. The Si version of the system costs on average slightly under US$2 million, in addition to several hundred thousand dollars of annual maintenance fees. The da Vinci system has been criticised for its cost and for a number of issues with its surgical performance.